Object Relations Theories: Klein and Winnicot.

physical endeavor dealing Theories Klein and Winnicot.A Critical Evaluation of the Object Relations Theories of Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott.Klein describes irrelevant forces within the psyche, detailing how they interact with equally foreign away forces, producing a psychic structure understood in equipment casualty of relationships. The central elements of her theory argon the expiration instinct and the paranoid skitzoid lay out, in which government agency endeavors are created by split up. Along with the depressive position which a rebellions upon the infant realising those part objects are actually whole objects, (Frosh, 1987).In the depressive position immorality makes its appearance, as the frys realizes that the object of its envious attacks is also the object that it delights (Segal 1992). Along with vice the small fry feels gratitude towards the incur and thus the desire for reparation arises. It is this conflict amid love and hate, torn by c onflicting desires for the caring preservation of new(prenominal)s a chance uponst the beady-eyed destruction of others that Klein saw as cosmos central to the charitable figure (Greenberg, 1983).I am speaking of an intrinsic conflict amidst love and hate, I am implying that the capacity both(prenominal) for love and destructive impulses is, to any(prenominal) extent, constitutional, although varying individually in strength and interacting from the beginning with away conditions.(Klein, 1957, p180(Frosh, 1987))Winnicott did non produce a coherent theoretical structure he did win ideas which have stood the test of time (Gomez, 1988). His ideas world centred around addiction conflicting with the stages of implicit, relative and toward in habituation (Jacobs, 1995). With children beginning life in absolute dependence, and the suffer in a state of primary maternal pre-occupation (Winnicott, 1965) by helping to contain the childs ancient agonies (Jacobs, 1995)providing a holding enviroment for the infants sense of powerful magic(Stevens, 1996).Potential posetransitional ObjectsThis provides a sense of trust and worth in the knowledge domain leading to the capacity to be all and lick. (Stevens, 1996). Within the realms of dominance home, facilitated by transitional objects Winnicott proposed mismanagement of impingements encourages phylogenesis of a dishonorable ego-importance covering and distorting the childs rightful(a) self (Jacobs, 1995).KLEIN of import BODYDEATH INSTINCT 94Klein considered the end instinct is the central source of disturbances in a childs experiences (Frosh, 1987) Klein argued that early channelling of the death instinct moldiness enquire place for the infant to survive (Greenberg, 1983), proposing that even in level-headed nurturing environment children legato experience headaches and anxieties creating aggressive and destructive emotions (Frosh, 1987). Winnicott doubted Kleins retention of Freuds death i nstincts (Winnicott, 1965), considering the concepts to be superfluous sort of than wrong (Gomez, 1988). And Kernberg (1969) proposed the death instinct could be dropped without damaging her other presentations due(p) to the total omit of clinical picture supporting an innate death instinct (Segal, 1992).PHANTASY 106Klein thought the death instinct taints childrens phantasys (Frosh, 1987), with sensations being interpritated as unconscious mind phantasys based on innate knowledge and experience (Hinshelwood, 1991). Unconscious phantasy differs from Fantasy, being a vaguer, primitive composition of images and sensations at a pre-linguistic stage, taking place on an unconscious level (Hough, p88). Klein proposed children view the external world through phantasies, not perceiving things as they are (Segal, 1992), and observed childrens lives to be dominated by unconscious and sometimes conscious phantasies about parental sexuality (Segal, 1981). Unconscious phantasies underlie ei ther mental process and accompany all mental activity. They are mental representations of those somatic events in the body which comprise the instincts, and are physical sensations interoperated as relationships with objects that cause those sensations.A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought (Hinshelwood, 1991)Guntrip (1971) accused Klein of depicting the objects of human passion as phantasmagoric, without real connection to other people, counterclaiming this argument is Kleins ofttimes mentioning the importance of real others (Greenberg, 1983).SPLITTING 84 wordsWhen fantasies and perceptions are kept apart infants split both the object and themselves (Segal, 1992), this splitting is a defending team manoeuvre arising from projective and introjective defence apparatuss (Frosh, 1987). Seeking to dis hold and distance either labor created anxiety inducing objects or hostile elements the mind often resorts to this disasociative psychic process (Likerman, p88). Klein viewed the mind as inh erently split, unlike others who propose the minds sign unity which moves divided by experiences (Frosh, 1987), extreme splitting bear become a threat at times due to its terrifyingly persecuting nature (Segal, 1992). single-valued function OBJECTS 99 wordsSplitting creates part objects which are considered to be modes of relating rather than the building blocks of phantasy. (Gomez, 1988). Klein considered the original part object to be the stimulates breast (Hinshelwood, 1991)It whitethorn seem curious that the tiny childs touch should be limited to a part of a person rather than the whole, but one mustinessiness bear in mind offset of all that the child has an exceedingly underdeveloped capacity for perception, physical and mental, and wherefore.. the child is lone(prenominal) concerned with his prompt gratifications. (Klein 1936, p290)(Hinshelwood, 1991)Needing to make sense of the chaos of the world a child makes the voice between mature and ill, with both cat eg otismries kept far apart as Klein belived that it was more important to achive some order than to assimilate an accurate exposition of pragmatism (Gomez, 1988). Astor (1989) challenged this based on observations, claiming the breast is initially whole, later turn part of the whole body before becoming a unite object (Jacobs, 1995).PARANOID SKITZOID POSITIONKlein proposed the paranoid skitzoid position as the first organization of experience in ein truthones early years, being maintained episodically throughout life. She considered a clear distinction between fearful and dependable objects important, being maintained with the both extremes polarized in frantic tone and conceptual organization (Black, p91-3).As regards splitting of the object, we have to remember that in states of gratification love feelings turn towards the scented breast, while in states of frustration crime and persecutory anxiety attach themselves to the frustrating breast. This twofold relation, implying a division between love and hatred in relation to the object, can only be maintained by splitting the breast into its toughened and bad aspects.With the splitting of the object, i readization is bound up, for the good aspects of the breast are exaggerated as a safeguard against the fear of the persecuting breast.Paranoia is the persecutory fear of invasive external melevolance, and skitzoid refers to the splitting of good and bad. It is considered a position being a fundamental management of formulating experience, enabling individuals to relate to others from the different perspectives of oneself, rather than being a temporary phase (Black, p91-3).PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION 98Projective identifcation describes extensions of splitting in which parts of the ego are disjunct from the self and projected into objects (Greenberg, 1983). By putting bad qualities into another, the other is considered to possess the bad qualities which they cannot stand in themselves. A phantasy remote from consciousness that entails a belief in certain aspects of the self being located elsewhere.A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought (Hinshelwood, 1991) being a very deep split creates amplified perceptions of people and emotions as they cannot be correct by their opposites. (Segal, 1992). Ogden (1979) proposed projective identification to be a threefold process, firstly ridding oneself of subjectively attacking objects, then projecting fantasy into receiver through interactions with the recipient finally experiencing themselves as they are pictured in the projection (Fineill, 1985).CONTAINMENT 61Klein derived containment from projective identification, where one person in a sense contains part of another, when a child splits off their fears and contains them in an object. Klein proposed that if these split fears are allowed to repose in the have for long enough then they can be modify and safely re introjected, considering this the beginning of mental stability (Hinshelwood, 1991 ).WHOLE OBJECTS 95When good and bad part objects are realized as individual objects they are considered whole objects. As whole objects are realized the child begins to visit that others have mixed feelings and emotions, and also begins to perceive that others can suffer, resulting in the child no longer defining others by its own needs and feelings (Hinshelwood, 1991).Appreciating the mother as an individual and seeing her as an whole object, the mother becomes no longer simply a vechle for drive gratification, but instead an other with whom the child is able to maintain a personal relationships (Greenberg, 1983).ENVY 99Envy is a two person emotion, experienced upon realizing the inability of being as good as the good object. This hatred directed towards good objects, and the childs desire to destroy the source of goodness due to envy of its independence (Greenberg, 1983), This phantasised destruction of the good object terrifies the child because it destroys the possibility of ho pe (Greenberg, 1983). Being projective, by trying to put badness in to the good object to destroy it (Frosh, p125).It is a destructive attack on the source of life, on the good object, not on the bad object, and it is to be distinguished from ambivalency and from frustration. It is held to be innate in origin as part of the instinctual endowment, and requires the mechanism of splitting as an initial defence operating at the outset.A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought (Hinshelwood, 1991)Winnicott, Bowlby and Fairburn took issue with Kleins perception of children possessing innate feelings of aggression towards the mother (Segal, 1992), considering envy a ware of tantalizing mothering (Adams, 1988)DEPRESSIVE POSITION 126The depressive position is considered a way of dealing with anxiety arising from the death instinct (Segal, 1992), being a combination of phantasies and attitudes begining around three months. This involves intergrating experiences rather than splitting them (Segal, p38) , where loving and meanspirited relations are unified in whole objects (Greenberg, 1983) and the child gives up its omnipotent world perspective (Hinshelwood, 1991).Depressive anxiety is based on the batch of others both internally and externally. Not only being the childs reaction against its own destructiveness, but a genuine expression of love and regret, developing into gratitude for the mothers goodness. Alternitivly Racker claims that both depressive and paranoid skitzoid anxieties are due to childrens intense desire for their mothers love (Greenberg, 1983) and Winnicott pet the term concern considering the infants protective feelings toward their mothers (Jacobs, 1995).GRATITUDE 22Klein considered that love and gratitude are innate, with gratifying objects enhancing gratitude and love and frustrating objects provoking paranoia and hate (Hinshelwood, 1991)REPERATION 59Reperation is considered the strongest element of the inventive and constructive urges (Hinshelwood, 1991) It is in the depressive position when Klein proposes that guilt makes its appearance. Klein considered that a childs aggression gave rise to anxiety as it conflicts with the powerful loving impulses, these loving impulses proposed by Klein are often overlooked by those wishing to criticize Klein (Segal, 1992)WinnicottAbsolute dependence 110Winnicott said-There is no such thing as a baby If you set out to describe a baby, you testament find you are describing a baby and someone. A baby cannot make up alone, but is essentially part of a relationship (Winnicott, 1947) (Stevens, 1996)During the stage of absolute dependence Winnicott considered the mothers state to be Primary Maternal Pre-ocupatoin a very early sage of emotional phylogeny where she feels the baby is a part of herself, leaving the baby with no means of awareness of material viands (Winnicott, 1965). Thus not differentiating between itself and its environment (Gomez, 1988), the child can only profit or suffer from dis turbance being unable to gain reserve over how things are done. But dispite the infants physical dependence, psychologically it is paradoxically dependant and independent (Winnicott, 1965). Winicott considerd the development of a strong ego to be dependant on the mothers ability to meet the early absolute dependence of the infant (Jacobs, 1995)Primitive agonies Winnicotts primitive agonies are a description of the childs fear of going to pieces and eternally falling, having no relation to the body with no taste in the world while in complete isolation with no means of communication. These may surface in later life as psychotic or borderline-state anxieties (Gomez, p88-89). He claimed the good enough mother creates a holding enviroment capable of containing these unthinkable anxietys enabling stable ego development (Jacobs, 1995).Holding Impingment Winnicotts reference to holding is both physical holding and the childs enviroment (Winnicott, 1965). Where the mothers creates the sp ace and ability to facilitate the childs creative and imaginative self, while the child forms the object relations that it needs. This is dependant in part on the satisfaction that the mother is able derive from relating to and facilitating her childs internal struggling. ( in the rawman, p789) reducing impingements to a minimum, with favourable conditions the infant is able to establish continuity in its existanceThe enviroment does not make the child. At best it enables the child to realize strength. (Winnicott, 1965)Impingments break the continuity of the infants existence, and constant impingments crock up the childs ability to intergrate, encouraging future mental problems (Winnicott, 1965), Impingement anxiety is a crossway of environmental failure (newman, p790)Winnicott considered Kleins envious baby to be the product of a failed holding enviroment (Adams, 1988). Condidering the child as more benign, victimized product of its enviroment (Greenberg, 1983). In contrast Winn icott, Klein considered the childs internal environment to predominate the childs interactions with the world.False self-importanceIn unreceptive enviroments Winnicott argued that children cannot maintain genuine needs and wishes, because the caretakers agenda must be dealt with by the child. Thus the child shapes themselves according to the cartakers vision, compliently creating a false self (Michell, p105), a conscious, compliant version of the self, which under certain conditions hides and protects the true self in the unconscious (Stevens, p312). This is due to the dual malignant introjection firstly of the faulty caretaker who is either too narcacistic or too controlling and secondly the caretakers incapacity to manage the childs resultant reactions to their shortfalls leading to the childs internalization of both the baffle parent and the parents inability to deal with the dissapointment, this impingment leads to the development of a false self to deal with the anxiety creat ed by this situation (newman, p791)True Self Winnicott considered the separated Me or I am from others is the true self (Jacobs, 1995). If there is enough attunement between the child and the mother then the infants true self emerges from activitys in the transitional space (Stevens, 1996). But if a childs bodily functions are managed impersonally or if it is left alone physically or mentally then it may attempt to identify more with the mind than the body, leaving the child perceiving its true self as an ethereal intangible quality. (Gomez, 1988)Potential SpaceIn order to give a place for playing Winnicott proposed a paradoxical dynamic dialectic position known as authorisation space between the baby and mother. (ogden, 1979) being a hypothetical line of business which exists (and cannot exist) between mother and child, this potential space varies a great deal according to severally childs life experience in relation to their mother figure (Winnicott, 1971)Early life experience s determine each individuals use of this space, where each individual has their most intense experiences. Each infant has favourable or unfavourable experience within this space where dependence is maximal, thus potential space is only in relation to a feeling of corporate trust relative to the environmental factors, this confidence is evidence of the dependability that has being introjected by the individual. (Winnicott, 1971).Ogden (1979) proposed the each pole of the dialectic relationship within potential space creates, informs and negates the other as the child moves from absolute to relative dependence. Transitional Objects and PhenominaTransitional objects are concerned with the first possession and its relation to the middling area between subjective and target perception of the child (Winnicott, 1971). It is not the object that is transitional, but rather that object is the first manifestation of the infants alter perspective of the world, shifting from a internal psych ic reality to the external world. (Cooper, 1989) Unlike the mother the transitional object is neither under internal control, nor is it outside external control (Winnicott, 1971) being the first not me.It stands for the breast and is a symbolic part object (Winnicott, 1951, p231 233)The child cannot live without it. It mustnt be washed or altered, even if it becomes threadbare. The child must be allowed to depopulate it in its own time and its own way. It is not mourned it is left behind, relegated to the obliviousness of half-forgotten things at the limbo of half forgotten things at the bottom of a chest of drawers, or at the back of a the toy cupboard. (Winnicott, 1971)Brody (1980) claimed transitional objects more comforting substitues for insufficient mothering than a public phenomenon, citing reduced position in rural areas (Jacobs, 1995). Play 88Winnicotts concern with play arose from his interest in a childs experience of the transitional object. (Cooper, 1989)Winnicott s aid Play is vastly exciting because of the precariousness of the interplay of personal psychic reality and the experience of control of actual objects (Cooper, 1989) playacting is the interplay between inter personal psychic reality and the experience of control of actual objects, the precarious nature of playing is due to its existence on the theoretical line between the subjective world and the perceived one (Winnicott, 1971)Winnicott agreed with Klein proposing that certain aspects of childrens play are external projections of their internal experiences with toys becoming subjective objects (Winnicott, 1965) and considered play to be a universal and healthy behaviour (Winnicott, 1971)The Capacity to be Alone 124Although the infant is alone, the carer is still present in the general environment due to the heading of known objects (Winnicott, 1971)The basis of the capacity to be alone is a paradox, it is the experience of being alone while someone else is present. (Cooper, 1989) Winnicott proposed that it is dependent on the presence of a good internal object, for this presence enables a feeling of confidence in the present and future. Considering the capacity to be alone closely related to emotional maturity, its basis is the experience of being alone while in the presence of another, and is a highly sophisticated phenomenon with many contributing factors. (Winnicott, p 1971)Hmlinen (1999), proposed that everyone lives in the solitude of subjectivity, considering the capacity to be alone a capacity to tolerate the absence and lack of aloneness along with yearning for closeness, while simaltaniously enjoying the unity and connection of friendly life.CONCLUSIONThe lack of critisism for Winnicotts work may be due to the fact that dispite his prolific constitution he did not compose a comprihesive theory. (Jacobs, 1995)Kleins perspective is intrapsychic (one person) where as Winnicott is interpersonal (two-person) (Stevens, 305) (RELATES TO INTERNAL AND EXTE RNAL) MASCULINE FEMININE.The premises of Kleins theorys are subjective rather than objective and philosophical rather than scientific (Gomez, p33),Winnicotts writing style is considered to be impressionistic than anylitical and although (Gomez, p86-8).A positive aspect of Kleins theory is achievement of gratitude and love with social relations can be achieved in the face of negative aspects such as envy and greed (Frosh, p127) several(prenominal) consider Kleins approach to be to deterministic, proposing that she considers that events that happen in later life have a miserable effect on the psychic makeup developed in the childs moldable period (Segal, p91).Kleins perspective that it is not only external influences that lead to childhood can be considered a important counterweight to the argument that it is strictly the fault of parents when children suffer problems mentally (Segal, p88).Those who are followers of Winnicott consider a child to be a far more benign and secondha nd creature than Kleinian followers, in Winnicotts book The Child the Family and the Outside World Winnicott expresses strong disagreement with Kleins proposal of a child projecting personal hated and bad aspects onto or into objects,Critics of Klein consider her work to be tangential to Fruedian thinking in a highly speculative and fantastic manor noting that the sharp and certain manor of writing leads to hyperbole and overgeneralization (Greenberg, p120)In defence of Klein it can be argued that those who critize her work do so as they fail to take a close and balanced approach to her work and thus localise exclusively upon aggression with out considering the balancing factors of other motives (Greenberg, p120)It is claimed that the contribution of moot features of the childs environment such as family and living conditions are not interpreted into account for their establishment of original bad objects in the psychopathology in individuals and it is claimed that Fairburn and Winnicot were able to explore possibilities of external factors due to their not being encoumbered by attachement to Freuds drive model of the human psyche (Greenberg, p147)REFERENCESAdams, P (1988). 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Psychoanal Q., 65787-807.Segal, H (1981), Klein, Karnac Books, LondonSegal, J (1992), Melanie Klein, Sage Publications, LondonStevens, R (1996), Understanding the Self, Sage Publications LTD, LondonWinnicott, D,W (1971), Playing and Reality, Routledge Classics, London and New YorkWinnicott, D,W (1965), The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Enviroment, The Hogarth Press, London.Yorke, C. (1971). Some Suggestions for a Critique of Kleinian P sychology. Psychoanal. St. Child, 26129-155.REFERENCESRead up 2 p 792 http//www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=paq.065.0787atype=hitlistnum=1query=zone1%3Darticle%26zone2%3Dparagraphs%26title%3Dfalse%2Bself%2Bwinnicott%26sort%3Dauthor%252Caath_user=laprjgreen3ath_ttok=%3CSxcdiKPuNxKtfCaeBg%3ETo Mrs. Klein, aggression inevitably distorts the childs picture of the world, making him feel attacked with hatred whenever he is at all thwarted or deprived. Early environment may do much to increase, or lessen, this sense of persecution but a bad home does not create it, nor does a good one embarrass it from appearing. Balint, M