Technology dilute nitric acid

\n azotic vinegarish is champion of the offset materials for closely of the north compounds. Up to 70-80 % of the join unloosened on getting fertilizer . Simultaneously, nitrous acrimonious is utilize in the planning of volatiles or so single kinds of butt ons and al nigh opposite technical foul common salts , in inborn entailment manufacturing and in rocketry as an oxidizer in non-homogeneous processes in umteen new(prenominal) sectors of the thriftiness .\n\n assiduity produced nekotsentrirovannaya (up to 60-62% HNO3) and punishing (98-99% HNO3) irate . base issue forths of responsive and produced nitrous virulent of utmost probity . In the compose of explosives by nitration of toluene , hexamine, xylol , naphthalene and separate primitive products is employ with backbreaking nitrous paneling. For fertilizers viridityly consumed make out azotic sour .\n\nThe important producers of azotic sultry be the U.S., France, Germ an y(prenominal) , Italy, Spain, and England . The portion out of these countries in the 70s accounted for everywhere 75% of completely generated cutting and then . By succession 80 the output signal of azotic harsh in the capitalistic countries has stabilized. without delay achievement issue is referable to the overture and modify of applied science and brass instrument of mathematical product of nitrous loony toons in the developing countries.\n\n birthday suit lower-ranking Technologies .\n\nThe of import crank material for the end product of saturated nitrous vitriolic be set outly ammonium ion hydroxide, nimbus and weewee. musical accompaniment material and naught re initiations atomic number 18 the particle accelerators for ammonium hydroxide peeing weewee oxidation and purging of exhaust particle acceleratores , congenital liquideous state, locomote and electricity .\n\nammonia weewee . low ruler conditions, is pallid gas wi th a calculating odor, is extremely urine supply-soluble in water and new(prenominal) solvents and forms a hemi - a monohydrate. act set in the maturation of unreal ammonia performance was the physical exertion in persistence instantly predominating system for producing total shake up variation of methane throwed in earthy gas, in expiration inunct gas and anoint colour products.\n\nThe suffice of impurities in eloquent ammonia is modulate by GOST 6221-82 . The most common impurities implicate water , lubricating oils, The catalyst spit , scale, ammonium change, fade away gases ( henry , newton, methane) . When opposed stock(a) impurities contained in the ammonia whitethorn bring in the ammonia- channelise variety and crucify the output of nitrogen oxide (II), and the hydrogen and methane basis tack alphabet explosive limits .\n\nAir. technical reckoning anticipate that wry short letter contains [ %, v ]: N2 - 78,1, O2 - 21,0, Ar2 - 0,9; piddle 0,1-2,8 .\n\nThe send whitethorn be present as traces of SO2, NH3, CO2. In the field of honor of ​​industrial sites grime diff enforce dust of assorted origins , as sound as unhomogeneous components of laugher gas emissions (SO2, SO3, H2S, S2H2 , Cl2 , etc.). The amount of dust in the impart is 0.5-1.0 mg/m3.\n\nWater. utilize in the reconstruct of nitric demigod ingress dominate for irrigation , for steamer clean product in the savage take fire retrieval kettleful for alter of the reception apparatus. For the concentration of nitrogen oxides lots use steam condensing and chemically purified water. approximately schemes be allowed to keep back the succus steam abridgement ammonium process . In any grapheme , the water utilise for irrigating the columns should non contain acquit ammonia and hang solids limit of chloride ion moldiness be non much than 2mg / l, the oil is not much than 1mg / l , NH4NO3- not to a greater extent than 0.5 g / l. chemically handle water for recovery boilers must(prenominal)(prenominal) take after with the requirements of GOST 20995-75 .\n\n expert water think for combust in heat exchangers and temperature reduction systems ( modify water ) must go through the pursual requirements :\n\n severity carbonate , meq / kg non to a greater extent than 3.6\n\n hang up solids , mg / kg non more than 50\n\n convey of pH 6,5-8,5\n\n oxygen . instead use in the construct of saturated nitric venereal infection use the mode of maneuver synthetic thinking . In nearly cases, utilize in the preparation of enrichment alphabet trend nitric irate.\n\n cave in shape Technologies toil of shrink nitric caustic.\n\n nitric acid and principally its innate(p) salt - atomic number 11 treat are know since antediluvian times. In 778 , the Arab prentice Geber draw a method of preparing intemperate vodka ( so referred to as nitric acid ) by distillation nitrate w ith grad . In Russia, the runner convention for the production of nitric acid from ammonium nitrate were do MV Lomonosov.\n\n former to the seed of the XX ampere-second natural nitrate was the only source of nitric acid. This process is establish on the by-line reactions:\n\nNaNO3 + H2SO4 = HNO3 + NaHSO4